Tanzania is a popular tourist destination for safaris. Wildlife such as elephants, lions and zebras can be observed or shot in the wild. In order to protect the national parks sustainably in the sense of the 2030 Agenda, high entrance fees are charged for access. This is also intended to finance and motivate the rangers [1] who are supposed to protect the wildlife from poaching.
A number of hunting operators advertise Tanzania as a hunting country where “erstklassige Trophäen”[2] („first-class trophies“) can be captured. Hunting takes place mainly in areas where photo-tourism is not possible[3].
One provider describes the reasons for a corresponding booking via his site as follows:
„Michel steht nicht nur seit Jahrzehnten für erstklassige Safaris, perfekte Organisation und starke Trophäen, sondern auch für Fair Chase und ein hohes Engagement für den Naturschutz und die Jagd als solche in Tansania.“[4]
Here is the translation:
„Michel has not only stood for first-class safaris, perfect organisation and strong trophies for decades, but also for Fair Chase and a high commitment to conservation and hunting as such in Tanzania.“
In his 235-page article on „Jagdgegner-Behauptungen“ („hunting opponents‘ claims“), blogger and hunter[5] Volker Wollny states the following on this subject:
„Gleich im benachbarten Tansania gibt es die meisten Löwen in ganz Afrika. Und – oh Schreck – sie werden bejagt und zwar – igitt – von Jagdreisenden, die schweres Geld dafür bezahlen. Das Geld, welches dadurch herein kommt, geht größtenteils in den Naturschutz. Löwen haben hier einen ökonomischen Wert, anders als in Kenia, wo sie von den Viehzüchtern mehr oder weniger als Ungeziefer angesehen und sogar im Nairobi-Nationalpark vergiftet werden. Da die Löwen hier jedoch keinen legalen ökonomischen Wert haben, gibt es keinerlei Schutzmaßnahmen außer formalen Gebarme über den Schwund von Seiten der Regierung. Woher auch sollte das Geld für einen effektiven Schutz kommen, wenn nicht von den Jägern, die für Löwen hohen Abschussgebühren zu entrichten bereit sind?“[6]
Here is the translation:
“„Right in neighbouring Tanzania there are the most lions in all of Africa. And – oh horror – they are hunted and that – yuck – by hunting tourists who pay heavy money for it. Most of the money that comes in goes to conservation. Lions have an economic value here, unlike in Kenya, where they are more or less considered vermin by the cattle farmers and are even poisoned in the Nairobi National Park. However, since the lions have no legal economic value here, there are no protection measures other than formal barbs about the depletion from the government. Where would the money for effective protection come from if not from the hunters who are willing to pay high shooting fees for lions?“
Maximum 21 days per species
Hunting tourism in Tanzania is subject to regulations. Officially, only old animals may be hunted. When hunting, tourists must be accompanied by a professional wildlife ranger assisted by professional hunters.
“Tourists wishing to conduct hunting tourism in Tanzania has to apply through hunting companies for license to acquire trophy. The tourists are then allowed to bring in three rifles of different calibres and 200 ammunitions of each calibre which they use and thereafter return with them (ammunition) to their homes of origin if not used. As for the rifles, they return home with them. The permit for hunting a certain species of wildlife is for 21 day after which it expires. The tourists are assisted by professional hunters who direct them which animal to shoot down as they are not allowed to shoot any animal as some might be pregnant.”[7]
There is a widespread claim that after trophy hunting, hunters simply leave the carcasses of the killed animals lying around. In fact, this is not allowed and is more in line with the practice of poachers.
Canned Hunting of breeding animals
According to a hunter, it is common for hunting tourists to be guided in such a way that they get the impression that they are really tracking down the animals in the wild and then hunting them down. In reality, however, the hunting often takes place inside huge fences (canned hunting), which Europeans and Americans usually do not notice. An article from 2015 describes this as follows:
“Die Mehrheit der Tiere wird dort gezielt dafür gezüchtet und dem zahlenden Kunden (Preise: von 10.000 US-Dollar aufwärts) in eingezäunten Gehegen überlassen – Stichwort Gatterjagd. Die Zahl der wild lebenden getöteten Löwen liegt bei über 500 pro Jahr in Afrika.“[8]
Here is the translation:
“The majority of the animals are bred there specifically for this purpose and left to the paying customer (prices: from 10,000 US dollars upwards) in fenced enclosures – keyword: canned hunting. The number of lions killed in the wild is over 500 per year in Africa.”
Anyone who believes that the type of lion hunting described here protects the wild animal population and that it is an „honest“ trial of strength between predator and hunter is wrong:
“Löwen werden in großem Stil auf Farmen, vor allem in Südafrika, gezüchtet, mit der Hand aufgezogen und in Gehegen eingesperrt. Als Jungtiere müssen sie als Streichelattraktion herhalten. Haben sie erst eine stattliche Größe erreicht, werden sie zum Abschuss an Jagdtouristen aus reichen Ländern freigegeben. Diese können oft schlecht schießen. So sterben die zahmen Löwen, die nie gesunde Scheu vor Menschen entwickelt haben, langsam und qualvoll und enden als Trophäe. Dem Argument der Jagdlobby, die Löwenzucht diene der Arterhaltung freilebender Löwen, widersprechen Artenschützer vehement. Das Gegenteil sei der Fall, da die Zahl der Canned-Hunting-Farmen stets zunimmt und für die wachsende Nachfrage immer wieder freilebende Löwen eingefangen werden, um weiteren Nachschub für die Gatterjagd sicherzustellen.“[9]
Here is the translation:
„Lions are bred on a large scale on farms, especially in South Africa, raised by hand and locked up in enclosures. As cubs, they have to serve as a petting attraction. Once they have reached a respectable size, they are released for shooting to hunting tourists from rich countries. These tourists are often bad shots. Thus the tame lions, which have never developed a healthy shyness towards humans, die slowly and painfully and end up as trophies. Campaigner for the protection of endangered species vehemently contradict the hunting lobby’s argument that lion breeding serves to preserve the species of lions living in the wild. The opposite is the case, they say, as the number of canned hunting farms is constantly increasing and free-ranging lions are captured again and again to meet the growing demand and to ensure further supplies for gate hunting.“
Not all legally shot animals can be exported
The extent to which hunting trips in Tanzania always take place in the spirit of nature conservation should at least be questioned. For example, the tour operator „Profi-Jagdreisen“ writes the following on its website:
„In Tansania können Wildarten legal erlegt werden, die dem Anhang I des Washingtoner Artenschutzabkommens unterliegen und somit nicht nach Deutschland eingeführt werden dürfen.“[10]
Here is the translation:
„In Tanzania, game species can be legally shot that are subject to Appendix I of the Washington Convention and thus may not be imported into Germany.“
CITES almost valid everywhere
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) was established in 1973. It was last updated on 22.06.2021[11].
In 2021, it (the agreement) was valid in a total of 184 countries. In Germany, the Convention has been in force since 1976, in Tanzania it first came into force on 27 February 1980[12]. The list of animal and plant species defined as particularly endangered is usually updated every two to three years by the member states[13].
CITES pursues Agenda goals
CITES is linked to the Sustainable Development Goals of Agenda 21[14], [15], which has since been superseded by Agenda 2030[16].Tanzania has also committed itself to supporting the goals of the 2030 Agenda[17]. These goals include poverty alleviation, protection of life under water and on land, sustainable cities, but also gender equality and quality education[18]. Among the core goals that Tanzania is pursuing in terms of the Agenda is also „family planning“, which can be understood as a euphemism for „population reduction“:
„Directly, contraception reduces the risk of maternal and newborn mortality by decreasing exposure to pregnancy and high-risk births. Increased contraceptive use also reduces total fertility at the country-level, which favorably shapes population dynamics. These population dynamics facilitate economic growth and prosperity, human capital development, food security and agriculture production, the availability and improved quality of social services, and much more.“[19]
Corrupted by wildlife trade?
Regarding „Goal 15″, life on land, among other things, the following is stated:
„While 15 percent of land is protected, biodiversity is still at risk. Nearly 7,000 species of animals and plants have been illegally traded. Wildlife trafficking not only erodes biodiversity, but creates insecurity, fuels conflict, and feeds corruption.
Urgent action must be taken to reduce the loss of natural habitats and biodiversity which are part of our common heritage and support global food and water security, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and peace and security.“[20]
An assessment by Eileen DeRolf on Agenda 21 fits this:
„Umweltschützer, die sich für gefährdete Arten einsetzen, nutzen Bodentreuhandstiftungen, um Vorschriften für den Schutz von Wildtieren und die Ausweitung von Lebensräumen zu verwalten und durchzusetzen.“[21]
Here is the translation:
„Environmentalists working for endangered species use land trusts to manage and enforce regulations for wildlife protection and habitat expansion.“
The less obvious goals actually pursued by Agenda 21 / Agenda 2030 were presented in more detail in another article.
Tanzania’s Sustainable Agenda 2030 and poaching
Hunting in Tanzania does not always take place in a legal way. Many people in Tanzania are very poor. Poaching can therefore be a welcome extra income:
„The results of the present study confirm the link between poverty and poaching, but they also reveal that many villagers harvest bushmeat to supplement their income and are not among the poorest of the poor, as is often assumed. More importantly, the study reveals that how poachers view their financial status relative to other villagers is a primary influence on poaching habits.“[22]
The decisive factor was therefore not only absolute poverty, but also comparative poverty to the neighbours.
Poachers interviewed for the study admitted to hunting impala, giraffe and warthog, among others. As hunting weapons they would mainly use guns, wire snares and poison arrows[23]. In an earlier report it was mentioned that lions were often poisoned and caught with long-line snares[24].
Poaching is a sad reality
That poaching is a fundamental problem in Tanzania is appropriately hinted at by a tour operator:
„Viele Jäger und Fototouristen zieht es Jahr für Jahr in den Selous Nationalpark, Afrika´s größtes Wildreservat, benannt nach Frederik Courtney Selous. Leider, leider hat dort die Wilderei überhandgenommen und es ist nur eine Frage der Zeit, wenn dort, ähnlich wie in Kenia, die Wildbestände nachhaltig geschädigt werden. Die staatliche Kontrolle versagt großflächig. Das Gros der Jagdreiseveranstalter tummelt sich im Selous, doch durch das Verbot der Einfuhr von Elfenbein und Löwentrophäen in die USA wird es für viele Outfitter schwierig, den Safaribetrieb aufrechtzuerhalten.“[25]
Here is the translation:
„Many hunters and photo tourists are drawn year after year to the Selous National Park, Africa’s largest wildlife reserve, named after Frederik Courtney Selous. Unfortunately, poaching has become rampant there and it is only a matter of time when, similar to Kenya, the game populations there will be permanently damaged. State control is failing on a large scale. The bulk of hunting tour operators ply their trade in the Selous, but the ban on importing ivory and lion trophies into the US makes it difficult for many outfitters to maintain safari operations.“
The journalist Fatima Majed points out in an article that Tanzania is said to have had the highest elephant killing rate from 1998 to 2014. The corresponding population had declined by over 60 %[26].
Already in 2017, it was warned that elephants could be extinct in Tanzania by 2022[27].
In the meantime, the government has adopted a strict „zero poaching“ policy. Majed reports that in just five years, more than 2,300 poachers and traffickers have been arrested, including 21 so-called „kingpins“[28] who could be described as the heads of organised poaching.
Poaching continues despite zero poaching policy
Among the successes of the anti-poaching campaign, the following is stated:
„Neben den 14.000 Stück beschlagnahmten Elfenbeins, fand die Taskforce in fünf Jahren auch 25 Nashorn-Hörner, 29 Nilpferd-Zähne, 29 Großkatzen-Felle, hunderte von lebenden Tieren und tausende Tonnen Holz.“ [29]
Here is the translation:
„In addition to the 14,000 pieces of ivory seized, the taskforce also found 25 rhino horns, 29 hippo teeth, 29 big cat skins, hundreds of live animals and thousands of tonnes of timber over five years.“
In 2021, the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) reported numerous recent cases of poaching in Tanzania. Among other things, tusks and the meat of eland were seized. Giraffes are particularly affected by poaching[30].
Long prison sentences a reality for caught poachers
Anyone caught poaching in Tanzania faces harsh penalties. For example, Tanzania’s most notorious poacher, Boniface Matthew Maliango alias „Shetani“ (Kiswahili: devil), was sentenced to 12 years in prison in 2017. He was accused of killing several thousand elephants[31].
In 2019, the Chinese poacher Yang Fenglan was sentenced to 15 years in prison. Within 14 years, he had smuggled a total of 860 tusks out of the country. Yang was probably also connected to Shetani[32].
In 2020, the three poachers Kulwa Subila, alias Ngeleja, Charles Makunga, alias Jumanne and Jumanne Kwangulija, alias Shija Masanja were each sentenced to 40 years in prison. Since they were sentenced to 20 years each for parallel offences, their respective imprisonment thus ends after the first twenty years[33].
Reduction by 90%. All poachers guilty?
The first major successes in the fight against poaching were recorded in Tanzania in 2015 and 2016, when a total of 1,563 poachers were apprehended[34]. Between 2016 and 2021, a total of 33,386 poachers were arrested. At the same time, the number of poachers was reduced by 90 % in these five years[35]. According to the local newspaper „Mwananchi“ of 07.06.2022 (p. 20), only 105 poaching incidents were prosecuted from 2017 to 2022. Around 90 % of these related to the illegal hunting of elephants. Of the aforementioned incidents, 52% of the poachers had been found guilty, 22% were awaiting trial and 26% had been caught in the act.
Specific information on recent incidents can be found in detail at https://wildeye-east-africa.oxpeckers.org.
It is unclear how often innocent people are falsely accused of poaching. However, individual reports, for example from 2013, show that false suspicions do occur and that human rights are not necessarily respected by the rangers[36].
Covid-19 as a turbo for poachers
How sustainable the fight against poaching will be remains to be seen. However, concrete successes are already visible. For example, the number of elephants had risen from 43,330 in 2014 to around 60,000 in 2019[37].
An article from August 2021, for example, speaks of an Africa-wide increase in poaching during the „Covid 19 pandemic“:
„The International Journal of Protected Areas and Conservation found that 78.5% of surveyed African countries reported that COVID-19 had impacted their ability to monitor the illegal wildlife trade, and 53 percent reported a high level of impact from COVID-19 on the ability to mitigate human-wildlife conflict.“[38]
Even though Tanzania was hardly affected by pandemic measures under the former president, Dr John Pombe Magufuli, the crisis nevertheless led to a significant decline in the number of tourists in the country.
Controversial censorship bill withdrawn
A report from 2015 criticised a draft law by the then Tanzanian government under Dr Magufuli:
„Neue Gesetze würden es Umweltschützern erschweren, kritische Informationen zu veröffentlichen. Es soll zukünftig illegal sein, Daten zu verbreiten, die den Zahlen des Amts für Statistik widersprechen. Außerdem sollen im Internet keine Informationen verbreitet werden dürfen, die von der Regierung als „trügerisch, irreführend oder fehlerhaft“ eingestuft werden. Sogar der Empfang solcher Daten soll zukünftig kriminell sein.
Weil Umweltschützer soziale Medien stark nutzen, um Aktionen gegen Wilderei und Elfenbein-Handel zu organisieren, könnte die Regierung die Arbeit von Aktivisten unterbinden und sogar Gefängnisstrafen verhängen.“[39]
Here is the translation:
„New laws would make it more difficult for environmentalists to publish critical information. In future, it shall be illegal to disseminate data that contradict the figures of the Office of Statistics. In addition, it will not be allowed to disseminate information on the internet that is classified by the government as „deceptive, misleading or erroneous“. Even the receipt of such data is to be criminalised in future.
Because environmentalists make heavy use of social media to organise actions against poaching and the ivory trade, the government could stop the work of activists and even impose prison sentences.“
Due to public pressure, the Chama Cha Mapinduzi Party (CCM), which is still in power today, pushed for the withdrawal of the heavily criticised law[40]. According to the 2015 annual report of „Twaweza ni sisi“, the controversial „Access to Information and Media Services Bills“ was finally withdrawn[41].
Hunting trips as an economic factor
Those who embark on a hunting trip to Tanzania have to take into account not only the costs for the flight, travel health insurance, a high-capacity hunting liability insurance with worldwide validity, shooting fees for the desired trophy, but also various additional costs. These include the costs for a hunting licence, a game protection levy, costs for a pre-preparation of the captured trophies, the trophy export tax, the fees for a weapons import permit, concession fees as well as a hunting block fee.
Claims practice Hunting accidents
The German INTER Versicherungsgruppe (INTER Insurance Group) reports on a claim in Namibia:
„Unser Kunde war auf einer Jagdreise in Namibia und gemeinsam mit einem in Namibia lebenden deutschen Jagdführer mit geladenem Gewehr auf der Pirsch. Durch ein Versehen unseres Kunden löste sich ein Schuss, welcher den Jagdführer von hinten durch die Brust traf und schwer verletzte. Zwar konnten wir dem Jagdführer keine direkte Hilfe zur Genesung zukommen lassen, leisteten aber 40.000 EUR für Behandlungskosten, Schmerzensgeld und Verdienstausfall.
Die Kommunikation mit dem Geschädigten war durch die große Entfernung erschwert. Die Klärung der Ansprüche nach namibischen Recht war herausfordernd. Dennoch konnte der Schaden zügig zur Zufriedenheit aller Beteiligten reguliert werden.“
Here is the translation:
„Our client was on a hunting trip in Namibia and was stalking with a loaded rifle together with a German hunting guide living in Namibia. Due to an accident on the part of our client, a shot was fired which hit the hunting guide from behind through the chest and seriously injured him. Although we were unable to provide the hunting guide with direct help to recover, we paid EUR 40,000 for treatment costs, compensation for pain and suffering and loss of earnings.
Communication with the injured party was difficult due to the long distance. Clarifying claims under Namibian law was challenging. Nevertheless, the damage was settled swiftly to the satisfaction of all parties involved.“
For this reason, when choosing a suitable hunting liability insurance policy, priority should be given to high-performance conditions and not to a possible saving of a few euros per year.
Shooting fees up to 30,000 USD
According to one hunting operator, the cost of shooting a python is 350 USD, a zebra 1,600 USD, a crocodile 3,200 USD, a buffalo 3,500 USD, a leopard 7,900 USD, a lion 12,000 USD or an elephant between 18,000 and 30,000 USD. The above-mentioned costs are then added to these shooting costs, so that 21 hunting days for an elephant cost an additional USD 57,200, and 12 hunting days for a leopard still cost USD 30,050[42].
Since it is apparently not only the hunting industry that earns well from such hunts for animal trophies, it is easy, for example, to look at the expulsion of the Maasai from their ancestral homeland in the Ngorongoro National Park[43] from a different angle. Is this possibly about the implementation of the 2030 Agenda?
Live bullets fired at peace-loving Maasai
A few days ago, on 08.06.2022, a Maasai village in Loliondo, which belongs to the Ngorongoro District, was the scene of an outrage. A whole fleet of police and military vehicles had come to evict the villagers from their legal ancestral territory[44], [45]. The intention is to create a game reserve for the royal family of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) [46].
At first, tear gas was used[47], then live ammunition was fired[48], [49].
The shots were aimed at the feet, the back or once even the head. At least ten people were wounded, including a 70-year-old man[50]. Many Maasai were arrested as a result of the events[51].
„Tanzanian police and game wardens arrived in the area on Tuesday to demarcate a 1,500 square kilometres of “village land” as a game reserve for trophy hunting, he said.
The move would ban all human settlements and grazing in the area, effectively evicting semi-pastoralist Maasai communities.“[52]
In one of the contributions to the incident, it is pointed out that the only permanent source of water would be in this very area. In order to survive periods of drought, this is essential for survival in order to be able to continue this nomadic type of cattle farming at all. Against this background, massive resistance from the Maasai against such measures[53] is not surprising.
Species protection: killing of rare animals?
Other background information on the events reported by the Oakland Institute, a think tank based in the USA, is also problematic:
„According to Oakland, the UAE-based Otterlo Business Company — which runs hunting excursions for the country’s royal family and their guests — will reportedly control commercial hunting in the area despite the company’s past involvement in several violent evictions of the Maasai, burning of homes and the killing of thousands of rare animals in the area.“[54]
One reporter mentions that some of the Maasai living here today were evicted from the Serengeti National Park as early as 1959. He also adds that an East African Court of Justice (EACJ) order of 2018 is being knowingly violated under the pretext of environmental protection[55].
The royal tour of a president
Such events are certainly not conducive to tourism. Understandably, Tanzania’s new president, Samia Suluhu Hassan, is courting tourists to visit the country. To this end, „The Royal Tour“ was conducted through many cities in Tanzania from the end of 2021 until February 2022. These cities included Dar es Salaam[56], Zanzibar, but also Kilimanjaro[57] near the city of Arusha, a central starting point for many safaris in the country[58]. On 28 April 2022, the film of the American journalist Peter Greenberg[59], [60]. about his trip with the Tanzanian President was published. Already in December, a very impressive trailer was shown, which impressively presented the beauties of the country for tourism[61].
The previous parts of the series at a glance:
Part 1: A »bulldozer« with few sympathies in the West
https://critical-news.de/tanzania_1_english/
Topics include PCR tests, freedom of the press
Part 2: Did Magufuli want to leave WHO?
https://critical-news.de/tansania-2_english/
Topics include Gates-Foundation, opposition to the WHO
Part 3: Mama Samia and the World Economic Forum
https://critical-news.de/tanzania_3/
Topics include World Economic Forum, Agenda 21 / Agenda 2030, sustainability
Part 4: The vaccination campaign in Tanzania under Magufuli’s heirs
https://critical-news.de/tanzania_4/
Topics include vaccine safety, medical education, case surveillance, adverse side effects
[1] Cf. Ludwig Siege „Aus der Naturschutzpraxis, Finanzierung von Naturschutz durch
nachhaltige Jagd: Beispiel Selous Wildreservat, Tansania“, p. 2 – 3 on „conservation-development.net“. Available at https://conservation-development.net/Projekte/Nachhaltigkeit/CD1/Benin/Literatur/PDF/9_Siege_2004.pdf, last accessed on 06.06.2022.
[2] See e. g. „Masailand“ at „diana-jagdreisen.de“. Available on https://www.diana-jagdreisen.de/afrika/tansania/masailand, last accessed at 05.06.2022.
[3] Ludwig Siege „Aus der Naturschutzpraxis, Finanzierung von Naturschutz durch
nachhaltige Jagd: Beispiel Selous Wildreservat, Tansania“, p. 3 on „conservation-development.net“. Available at https://conservation-development.net/Projekte/Nachhaltigkeit/CD1/Benin/Literatur/PDF/9_Siege_2004.pdf, last accessed on 06.06.2022.
[4] „Jagd in Tansania“ on „globus-jagdreisen.de“. Available at https://www.globus-jagdreisen.de/afrika/tansania/, last accessed on 05.06.2022.
[5] „Fokkos Selbstversorger-Blog“ on „selbstversorger-blog.de“ Available at http://selbstversorger-blog.over-blog.de/pages/Wer_ich_bin-930188.html, las accessed on 06.06.2022.
[6] Volker Wollny „Jagdgegner-Behauptungen – eine Richtigstellung“, p. 138 at „ljw-nrw.de“. Available at https://www.ljv-nrw.de/media/1291638476_buchwollny.pdf, last accessed on 06.06.2022.
[7] „Tanzania Wildlife Management Authority. Mamlaka ya usimamizi wa wanyamapori“ on „tawa.go.tz“. Available at https://www.tawa.go.tz/conservation/wildlife-utilization/, last accessed on 10.06.2022.
[8] Julia Raabe „Vom Spaß, exotische Tiere zu schießen“ on „diepresse.com“ from 08.08.2015 at 6:09 p. m.. Available at https://www.diepresse.com/4795857/vom-spass-exotische-tiere-zu-schiessen, last accessed on 06.06.2022.
[9] „Der Untergang des Königs: Afrikas Löwen in Not“ on „freiheit-fuer-tiere.de“ from 2011. Available at https://www.freiheit-fuer-tiere.de/printable/artikel/der-untergang-des-koenigs-afrikas-loewen-in-not.html, last accessed on 06.06.2022.
[10] „Tansania. Wildreichtum im Herzen des Schwarzen Kontinents!“, p. 9 on „profijagdreisen.de“. Available at http://profijagdreisen.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Tansania.pdf, last accessed on 05.06.2022.
[11] „Appendices“ on „cites.org“ from 22.06.2021. Available at https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php, last accessed on 06.06.2022.
[12] „List of Contracting Parties“ on „cites.org“. Available at https://cites.org/eng/disc/parties/chronolo.php, last accessed on 06.06.2022.
[13] „Das Washingtoner Artenschutzübereinkommen“ on „deine-tierwelt.de“ from 24.06.2015. Available at https://www.deine-tierwelt.de/magazin/das-washingtoner-artenschutzuebereinkommen/, last accessed on 06.06.2022.
[14] „Coöperation and synergy with the Convention on Biological Diversity“ on „cites.org“. Available at https://cites.org/eng/res/10/10 – 04R14.php, last accessed on 06.06.2022.
[15] „Implementation of China’s Agenda 21 and Relevant International Conventions“ on „cciced.net“ from 19.09.1995. Available at http://www.cciced.net/ccicedPhoneEN/Events/AGMeeting/1995/meetingplace_4016/201609/t20160922_89347.html, last accessed on 06.06.2022.
[16] Eileen DeRolf and Jan van Helsing „Wir töten die halbe Menschheit — und es wird schnell gehen! Der Plan der Élite, »minderwertige Völker« über Krankheiten und Seuchen loszuwerden. Der Rest erlebt die grün-sozialistische Neue Weltordnung!“ Fichtenau (amadeus), 6th edition, 2022, p. 59: „2015: Am 27. September verabschiedet Präsident Obama die Agenda 2030 für Nachhaltige Entwicklung, die von nun an die Agenda 21 für die nächsten 15 Jahre ablösen wird und den weiteren Weg bei der Umsetzung ihrer Ziele diktiert.“ Here is the translation: “2015: On 27 September, President Obama adopts the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which will from now on replace Agenda 21 for the next 15 years and dictate the way forward in implementing its goals.”
[17] „United Republic of Tanzania“ on „sustainabledevelopment.un.org“. Available at https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/memberstates/tanzania, last accessed on 06.06.2022.
[18]“„Sustainable development goals“ on „tz.undp.org“. Available at https://www.tz.undp.org/content/tanzania/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html, last accessed on 06.06.2022.
[19] Kaja Jurczynska and Stella Mujaya „Sustainable Development Goals in Tanzania: Invest in Family Planning” on „healthpolicyplus.com” from January 2020. Available at http://www.healthpolicyplus.com/ns/pubs/17386 – 17702_TanzaniaSDGBrief.pdf, last accessed on 06.06.2022.
[20] „Goal 15: Life on land“ on „tz.undp.org“. Available at https://www.tz.undp.org/content/tanzania/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land.html, last accessed on 06.06.2022.
[21] Eileen DeRolf und Jan van Helsing „Wir töten die halbe Menschheit — und es wird schnell gehen! Der Plan der Élite, »minderwertige Völker« über Krankheiten und Seuchen loszuwerden. Der Rest erlebt die grün-sozialistische Neue Weltordnung!“ Fichtenau (amadeus), 6th edition, 2022, p. 89
[22] Neha Jain „Probing rural poachers in Africa: Why do they poach?” on “mongabay.com” from 22.03.2017. Available at https://news.mongabay.com/2017/03/probing-rural-poachers-in-africa-why-do-they-poach/, last accessed on 05.06.2022.
[23] Neha Jain „Probing rural poachers in Africa: Why do they poach?” on „mongabay.com” from 22.03.2017. Available at https://news.mongabay.com/2017/03/probing-rural-poachers-in-africa-why-do-they-poach/, last accessed on 05.06.2022.
[24] United Nations Environment Programme. World Conservation Monitoring Centre „United Republic of Tanzania: A review of trade in CITES-listed species”, p. 13 on „ec.europa.eu” from November 2007. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/environment/cites/pdf/reports/review_tanzania.pdf, last accessed on 06.06.2022.
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[30] Noah Sitati „Increasing cases of poaching and IWT in Tanzania Remains a major threat to wildlife” on„wwf.or.tz” from 14.03.2022. Available at https://www.wwf.or.tz/?38703/Increasing-cases-of-poaching-and-IWT-in-Tanzania-Remains-a-major-threat-to-wildlife, last accessed on 05.06.2022.
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[32] „Tanzania’s Court Sentences Chinese National Charged with „Ivory Trafficking to 15 Years in Prison” on „panda.org” from 20.02.2019. Available at https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?343430/Tanzanias-Court-Sentences-Chinese-National-Charged-with-Ivory-Trafficking-to-15-Years-in-Prison, last accessed on 05.06.2022.
[33] „Three poachers slapped with 40 yr-jail term each (Tanzania)” on „africanelephantjournal.com” from 08.04.2020. Available at https://africanelephantjournal.com/three-poachers-slapped-with-40-yr-jail-term-each-tanzania/, last accessed on 05.06.2022.
[34] See e. g. „Tanzania Wildlife Management Authority. Mamlaka ya usimamizi wa wanyamapori“ on „tawa.go.tz“. Available at https://www.tawa.go.tz/conservation/wildlife-protection/, last accessed on 12.06.2022.
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[36] See e. g. Courtney Brooks und Marcelle Hopkins „How Protecting Animals Led to Allegations of Torture and Rape” on „nationalgeographic.com” from 19.09.2016. Available at https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/wildlife-tanzania-poaching-human-rights-abuses, last accessed on 06.06.2022.
[37] Fumbuka Ng’wanakilala „Tanzania says elephant, rhino populations rebounding after anti-poaching crackdown“ on „reuters.com“ from 10.07.2019 at 3:37 p.m.. Available at https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tanzania-wildlife-idINKCN1U51NU, last accessed on 12.06.2022.
[38] Apolinari Tairo „African rangers fight poaching under plight of COVID-19 pandemic” on „eturbonews.com” from 14.08.2021. Available at https://eturbonews.com/african-rangers-fight-poaching-under-plight-of-covid-19-pandemic/, last accessed on 06.06.2022.
[39] „Beendete Petition. Staatsgeheimnis Wilderei – Tansania zensiert Umweltschützer“ on „regenwald.org“. Available at https://www.regenwald.org/petitionen/997/staatsgeheimnis-wilderei-tansania-zensiert-umweltschuetzer#more, last accessed on 05.06.2022.
[40] Pius Rugonzibwa „Tanzania: CCM Calls for Withdrawal of Draconian Media“ on „allafrica.com“ from 25.06.2015. Available at https://allafrica.com/stories/201506250285.html, last accessed on 05.06.2022.
[41] „Annual Report 2015“ on „twaweza.aymzz.com“, p. 21. Available at https://twaweza.aymzz.com/resources/Twaweza-Annual-Report-2015-FINAL.pdf, last accessed on 05.06.2022.
[42] „Tansania. Wildreichtum im Herzen des Schwarzen Kontinents!“ on „profijagdreisen.de“. Available at http://profijagdreisen.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Tansania.pdf, last accessed on 05.06.2022.
[43] „Tanzania Maasai torn over possible eviction from Ngorongoro reserve“ on „france24.com“ from 18.03.2022 at 09:12 a. m.. Available at https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220318-tanzania-maasai-torn-over-possible-eviction-from-ngorongoro-reserve, last accessed on 12.05.2022.
[44] Chris Lang „Evicting the Maasai for “conservation” and trophy hunting in Loliondo, Tanzania. Dozens of Maasai have been injured by gun shots” on „redd-monitor.org” from 10.06.2022. Available at https://redd-monitor.org/2022/06/10/evicting-the-maasai-for-conservation-and-trophy-hunting-in-loliondo-tanzania-dozens-of-maasai-have-been-injured-by-gun-shots/, last accessed on 10.06.2022.
[45] Rajat Ghai „Fortress Conservation: Tension in Tanzania’s Loliondo as troops move in to evict Maasai to make way for game reserve” on „downtoearth.org” from 10.06.2022. Available at https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/africa/fortress-conservation-tension-in-tanzania-s-loliondo-as-troops-move-in-to-evict-maasai-to-make-way-for-game-reserve-83248, last accessed on 12.06.2022.
[46] Rajat Ghai „Fortress Conservation: Tension in Tanzania’s Loliondo as troops move in to evict Maasai to make way for game reserve” auf „downtoearth.org” from 10.06.2022. Available at https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/africa/fortress-conservation-tension-in-tanzania-s-loliondo-as-troops-move-in-to-evict-maasai-to-make-way-for-game-reserve-83248, last accessed on 12.06.2022.
[47] Chloé Farand „Tanzanian authorities seen opening fire on Maasai people in game reserve dispute“ on „climatechangenews.com“ from 10.06.2022 at 5:29 p. m..Available at https://www.climatechangenews.com/2022/06/10/tanzanian-authorities-seen-opening-fire-on-maasai-people-in-game-reserve-dispute/?fbclid=IwAR380JzNSyNtLpY4vKyILKt1OMUJUVt95tcBzWkG3mLZ47HAGesEmzWY0os, last accessed on 12.06.2022
[48] Chris Lang „Evicting the Maasai for “conservation” and trophy hunting in Loliondo, Tanzania. Dozens of Maasai have been injured by gun shots” on „redd-monitor.org” from 10.06.2022. Available at https://redd-monitor.org/2022/06/10/evicting-the-maasai-for-conservation-and-trophy-hunting-in-loliondo-tanzania-dozens-of-maasai-have-been-injured-by-gun-shots/, last accessed on 10.06.2022.
[49] Chloé Farand „Tanzanian authorities seen opening fire on Maasai people in game reserve dispute“ on „climatechangenews.com“ from 10.06.2022 at 5:29 p.m..Available at https://www.climatechangenews.com/2022/06/10/tanzanian-authorities-seen-opening-fire-on-maasai-people-in-game-reserve-dispute/?fbclid=IwAR380JzNSyNtLpY4vKyILKt1OMUJUVt95tcBzWkG3mLZ47HAGesEmzWY0os, last accessed on 12.06.2022
[50] Chloé Farand „Tanzanian authorities seen opening fire on Maasai people in game reserve dispute“ on „climatechangenews.com“ from 10.06.2022 at 5:29 p. m..Available at https://www.climatechangenews.com/2022/06/10/tanzanian-authorities-seen-opening-fire-on-maasai-people-in-game-reserve-dispute/?fbclid=IwAR380JzNSyNtLpY4vKyILKt1OMUJUVt95tcBzWkG3mLZ47HAGesEmzWY0os, last accessed on 12.06.2022
[51] Chris Lang „Evicting the Maasai for “conservation” and trophy hunting in Loliondo, Tanzania. Dozens of Maasai have been injured by gun shots” on „redd-monitor.org” from 10.06.2022. Available at https://redd-monitor.org/2022/06/10/evicting-the-maasai-for-conservation-and-trophy-hunting-in-loliondo-tanzania-dozens-of-maasai-have-been-injured-by-gun-shots/, last accessed on 10.06.2022.
[52] Chloé Farand „Tanzanian authorities seen opening fire on Maasai people in game reserve dispute“ on „climatechangenews.com“ from 10.06.2022 at 5:29 p. m..Available at https://www.climatechangenews.com/2022/06/10/tanzanian-authorities-seen-opening-fire-on-maasai-people-in-game-reserve-dispute/?fbclid=IwAR380JzNSyNtLpY4vKyILKt1OMUJUVt95tcBzWkG3mLZ47HAGesEmzWY0os, last accessed on 12.06.2022
[53] Chloé Farand „Tanzanian authorities seen opening fire on Maasai people in game reserve dispute“ on „climatechangenews.com“ from 10.06.2022 at 5:29 p. m..Available at https://www.climatechangenews.com/2022/06/10/tanzanian-authorities-seen-opening-fire-on-maasai-people-in-game-reserve-dispute/?fbclid=IwAR380JzNSyNtLpY4vKyILKt1OMUJUVt95tcBzWkG3mLZ47HAGesEmzWY0os, last accessed on 12.06.2022
[54] Rajat Ghai „Fortress Conservation: Tension in Tanzania’s Loliondo as troops move in to evict Maasai to make way for game reserve” on „downtoearth.org” from 10.06.2022. Available at https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/africa/fortress-conservation-tension-in-tanzania-s-loliondo-as-troops-move-in-to-evict-maasai-to-make-way-for-game-reserve-83248, last accessed on 12.06.2022.
[55] Rajat Ghai „Fortress Conservation: Tension in Tanzania’s Loliondo as troops move in to evict Maasai to make way for game reserve” on „downtoearth.org” from 10.06.2022. Available at https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/africa/fortress-conservation-tension-in-tanzania-s-loliondo-as-troops-move-in-to-evict-maasai-to-make-way-for-game-reserve-83248, last accessed on 12.06.2022.
[56] Alex Nelson Malanga „Samia’s call as ‘Royal Tour’ is unveiled in Dar es Salaam” on „thecitizenco.tz” from 09.05.2022. Available at https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/samia-s-call-as-royal-tour-is-unveiled-in-dar-es-salaam – 3809384, last accessed on 05.06.2022.
[57] Emily Burack „PBS’s The Royal Tour Returns with First Episode Filmed Since COVID-19 Pandemic Began” on „townandcountrymag.com” from 20.05.2022. Available at https://www.townandcountrymag.com/leisure/arts-and-culture/a40061566/pbs-the-royal-tour-tanzania/, last accessed on 06.06.2022.
[58] Cf.. Zephania Ubwani „What The Royal Tour means to Tanzania” on „thecitizen.co.tz” from 28.04.2022. Available at https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/what-the-royal-tour-means-to-tanzania-3797120, last accessed on 05.06.2022.
[59] Emily Burack „PBS’s The Royal Tour Returns with First Episode Filmed Since COVID-19 Pandemic Began” on „townandcountrymag.com” from 20.05.2022. Available at https://www.townandcountrymag.com/leisure/arts-and-culture/a40061566/pbs-the-royal-tour-tanzania/, last accessed on 06.06.2022.
[60] „Tanzanian President to launch the much awaited Royal Tour film in Arusha and Zanzibar” on „tranquilikilimanjaro.com” from 27.04.202. Available at https://www.tranquilkilimanjaro.com/tanzanian-president-to-launch-the-much-awaited-royal-tour-film-in-arusha-and-zanzibar/, last accessed on 06.06.2022.
[61] „Tanzania The Royal Tour Trailer” on „youtube.com” from 24.12.2021. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fSbcLVD4JLg, last accessed on 06.06.2022.